继宋朝之后，明朝是又一个“亡天下”的王朝。但是，宋、明相比，南宋延续了一个半世纪，而所谓的“南明”不过残存了十余年，并且没有形成明显的“南北对峙”或“三国鼎立”。史实上，美国汉学家魏斐德在《洪业——清朝开国史》中谈到“南迁”不成时，有这样一段透辟的分析：“这对后来满清占领北京时的形势产生了深远的影响。满清比较完整地接管了明朝的中央政府，拥有了他们最缺乏的东西，由此接手了明朝几乎全部汉族官吏，依靠他们接管天下，并最后征服南方。崇祯帝的决定还导致诸多皇室宗亲继承权利的暧昧不定，以致派系倾轧，削弱了南明政权。”明朝恰恰又是实行了二百余年“留都”制度的王朝，留都南京不仅是国家的经济中心，并一直配备相应的中央机构，首都北京陷落后，留都南京没有发挥政治优势，明王朝照旧“脑死亡”。生死攸关的关键时刻，明王朝为何没有主动“南迁”？光时亨是个十分微妙的人物。 所谓“南迁”，就是崇祯朝在京师难保的形势下，主动作出战略放弃，迁都南京。内忧外患骤然升级的崇祯朝，“南迁”问题数度进入最高统治者的重要议事日程。早在崇祯十五年十一月清军再次入塞时，朱由检即想到了迁都。《三垣笔记》载：“上以边寇交织，与周延儒议南迁，命无泄。”首都长期处于满清的兵锋之下，迁都南京既有必要，也完全可行，但这场南迁之议由于天启懿安皇后张氏的反对而作罢。崇祯十七年正月，李自成西安称帝，遣兵东渡入晋，志在灭明，京师形势更加危急，明廷再起南迁之议。《明季北略》载，李明睿等奏请南迁，崇祯单独召见李明睿曰：“朕有此志久矣，无从襄赞，故迟至今。汝意与朕合，但外边诸臣不从，奈何！”朱由检的本意是自己迁往南京，留内阁等一班官员留守京师，但未能如愿。二月初一，大顺传檄到达御前，檄文有“将于三月十五日到达京师”之语，君臣上下甚为恐慌。二月间，大顺军刘芳亮等部已出河北，基本完成了对京师的包围，京师形势急剧恶化，朱由检安全南迁已困难重重。《明史•李邦华传》载，此时“邦华密疏，请帝固守，而太子监国南京。帝得疏，意动，绕殿而行，将行其议。中允李明睿，亦疏言南迁便。”可是，这个折衷的南迁方案最后还是胎死腹中。 ???? ??????????ͷ??Ω????Ǩ???ǿ???֮?ߣ???????????????Ǩ??????Ϊ?ο???֮?߲???ʵ?У????˳?͢?Դ?˳??ս????ͼȱ????ЧӦ??֮?ߣ????????????????ι????⣬??????ʱ?????˵?ǿ?ҷ??????????ء???????͢??ʱ??????????Ԯ??????“??Ǩ”????????һ????ʮ??????????????ֻ??“??Ǩ”????????ϣ??ʱ??????ʷ???ƹ?ʱ??ȴ?İ???????“?Գ???й?ܾ?֮”???????Բ?ɱ????????????????ġ? 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???? ?????????1872-1930????ͩ?ǹ??϶????????????ᣬ????̫??ɽ??????ɽ?????????????ظ?ɽ????????“????”????“?ϳ?”?????????γ???Ľ??ӦԴ?ڴˣ?????ϵ????ͬ??ʮ???꣨1874??Т???á????????ס??? ???? ??????ͩ????־??????????־????ͩ?ǽ??????˴?????ͩ?ȵط?ʷ־???ף???δ????????????ϣ???????ߗ????????????????̳????¼????????ʮ?ּ??飺“???????Ľ????????????Ÿ?m??ͩ???ˡ?????ǰ???ڰ???һ???ν̣????ڰ??첡?ʡ????п??????Ա??????پ????ݣ???????֮????????Ϊ??????” ???? ??????????ʫ?ļ???Ŀ??Ҫ???أ?“??ʯׯС??ʫ???˾���?????????????ͬ??ʮһ?꣨1872????????????ʮ???꣨1930???????ϳ?????Ľ????????ͩ???ˡ????ʳ??ӣ???г??????????????ܶ???֮??Ļ????ͳԪ????Т????????” ???? ???????????˴??ع??Ϊ????г֮??????????????ס???ʾ????гΪ???֮???棬????гʦ??Ҧؾ?????켺?Ƚ?ʿ??????ֱ??????ʹ????ͩ?????ﾫ?????黭?���?չ????Ʒһ???????߽?????˵??“ԭ??????”????֪???Ժ????ס????С????SԊ?ļ?????־???ع??Ϊ???ս??ϣ???ʯ���??ˣ?Ҳ??֪???Ժ????ס?????ӹ????У????????????ΰ???ͨ־?ݱ??룬???????????飬???С?????????ʫ?????ԡ?????ͩ??????????Т?????ֱ???????????/????????/?????˴?/???????ӡ?
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