首都有首都的理由 长安可能是中国历史上最著名的都城。它的影响所及，导致日后的明清人也往往在诗作里用“长安”来指代北京城。选择长安为都城的理由很多，最明显的一个理由是它的地理位置。用古人的话说，就是“据崤函之固，拥雍州之地”，“阻山带河，四塞之地”。就军事关塞而言，长安周边东有潼关，西有大散关，南有武关，北有萧关，四座关口控制着进出长安的通道，都是易守难攻。就地理而言，长安有一个安全的地形。 安全固然重要。但作为首都，还必须有战略上的考虑。长安并非是帝国的经济中心。虽说关中过去比较富庶，但其实远在汉朝，全国经济中心就已转移到河北河南一带。隋唐后更是往江南转移，总趋势是离长安越来越远。那么是否应该放弃长安，将首都转移到经济中心呢？那也不见得。对于中国这样的超大帝国，必须考虑全国的均衡，避免畸轻畸重。经济中心最好和政治中心错开，这样能让经济和文化保持一定的流动性。这个道理就算放在今天的中国，也同样成立。如果中国现在将首都定在上海或者南京，北方连一个一线城市都没有，完全缺少辐射中心，整个国家的区域失调会更加严重。 此外还需要考虑敌人的位置。在汉唐时期，外部威胁主要来自北方，尤其是西北。汉唐把首都定在长安，全国物资向西北大量涌入，确保了西北经济的繁荣，使汉唐不仅能抵御匈奴和突厥，还有余力经营西域，打通丝绸之路。东汉放弃长安，间接导致西北经济凋零，带来羌族的动乱，更种下了董卓之乱的祸根。 但从唐朝中后期开始，外部威胁开始向东北方转移。契丹、女真、后金相继从东北崛起，西北方倒相对安全。中国的首都也由西向东神龙摆首，从长安变为北京，其间正呼应着这种变化。压力所向，正是首都之所向。因为首都之所向，也就是全国物资财富之所向，也是全国注意力之所向。 ???? ?????峯?Ķ???ѡ?? ???? ?????????Dz???һ??????ʷ?????????????ǡ??????ĵ?һ???????????е??????????Ƶĵڶ??????????????????????ġ????????ĵ?????????ʱ???г?????????“???˳?”?? ???? ???????ĵ????ᶨ????????????һ??????ʵ?????ο??ǡ?????????????????“??¤????”???ϡ???¤?????????????????dz??????????ģ????ڻ???ϸ???ϵ????飬???????Ѿ??õ?ʷѧ???Ĺ??ϡ???ν??¤???ţ?Ҫ?ݵ???κ????֮?ʡ???ʱһ?????۸??????˴?ֱ??й???????̩??Ͷ??·????Ю?????????????䣬???????У?????һ????¤???¼??š??????????Թ???Ϊ???????????????????£????????????????ڻ?ʤ??????Ҳ?ǹ?¤???ŵ?һ???ӡ????????ļҵ???????????Ů???????£??????????Ļ??ǹ?¤???ŵ?????????Ȼ??Ҫ?˼ҵ?֧?֣????ᵱȻ?Ͳ????????뿪???У?ֻ?ܶ????????? 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