明朝开国一大特点，就是规矩奇多，从皇室开始，吃饭穿衣住房，样样都有规定，一不留神就犯法，而宫廷教育的规矩，更是格外严苛。 朱元璋出身穷人，自己没读过多少书，但显然他很明白“再穷不能穷教育”的道理，明朝宫廷教育的规矩，基本都是他设立的。这其中又分为两个环节：1，对皇帝本人的日常教育。2，对太子的教育培养。 这其中的第一条——对皇帝本人的日常教育，放在朱元璋身上，是很以身作则的。早年他还不是皇帝，刚刚扯旗造反的时候，就很重视日常的学习充电。每天都要开会学习，按《明史》的说法叫“令儒者陈说古人书义”，即身边的文臣谋士给他讲课，主要讲历史——历代帝王打天下及治国的历史，目的也很简单，现学现用，什么招数有用学什么。他最感兴趣的人物是刘邦，学的最多的是刘邦，从待人接物到战策谋略，好多都是有样学样。等着大明朝建国，当年给他讲课的儒生，大多都成了明朝开国重臣，比如明朝首任丞相李善长，以及明朝首任都察院左都御史，大名鼎鼎的军师刘伯温。而这种战争年代的学习方法，也以制度化的方式保留下来，变成两种贯穿明朝兴衰始终的常用教育制度——经筵和日讲。 所谓“经筵”，按照现代的话说，就是文史研讨会。即由皇帝召集文臣，探讨读经史子集的心得体会。这项活动并非明朝首创。之前的几个朝代也都有。可明朝开国皇帝朱元璋执政的时期，应该是“经筵”活动举行最为频繁的时期。战争年代尝到听课甜头的朱元璋，对这种上课方式钟爱有加。而且战争年代文化低的朱元璋，在课堂上主要是听别人讲，而当了皇帝后的朱元璋，则喜欢跟人探讨，按照《明史》的记录，刚登基时的朱元璋，“经筵”几乎天天开，每天都召集文臣儒士前来，探讨历代治国的兴亡得失。后来工作忙了，可“经筵”还是放不下，隔三差五就要开一次，不但听别人讲，更自己发表意见，探讨的内容，主要是《大学》《尚书》《周易》《唐律》，不但探讨学术内容，更古为今用，商讨治国政策，明朝开国后许多律法的制订，乃至教育，军事，外交等制度的确立，都是这么探讨出来的。比较有影响的一件事是，正是一次经筵时，有文臣提出了孟子“君之视臣如土芥，则称视君如寇仇”的观点，引得朱元璋大怒，当场大骂说：如果这个老头活到现在，我肯定砍了他。孟子本人，当然没被朱元璋砍了，但孟子的像，却被朱元璋搬出了孔庙，他几千年配享孔庙的资格，就这样被朱元璋取消了。 ???? ???????ܵ?˵??????Ԫ??ʱ???ľ??ۻ?????????????????????ߵ??ƶ?????Ҫ???û??ǻ????ģ??????ǵ?ʱ????????ս?ң??ٷϴ??ˣ?ͨ?????ۣ?????̽???????ι??ĵ?ʧ????????ȷ???ι????ԣ?????????????Ϣ???ߣ????ѽ??????ߣ????????????????ߣ??????ͨ?????۵???ȷ???ġ?ͬʱ??????Ҳ??????Ԫ????????“??Աѡ?λ?”?????????С???ʷ?????????????Ƶ?“ѭ??”??????ͨ??????ո¶ͷ?ǣ????Ա???Ԫ??ί?????Σ??Ӵ???ʷ?????ġ?????Ԫ??????ӽ??ĵ????ʞɵ????µ???հ??ʱ?ڣ????۽??ǵ?????????Ҫ?????λ??Ȼ??????ʱ???ľ??ۣ????ƶ??ϲ?????ȷ?Ĺ涨??ÿ???????ٳ???ÿ??????????ģ??ÿ???????ｲ???ʱ????һ?Σ?ȫƾ?ʵ??Ծ?????Ȼ???Ǽ?λ?ʵ?Ҳ???Ծ??? 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