初始元年（公元8年），摄政大臣、大司马王莽废黜西汉最后一位小皇帝刘婴（孺子婴），自行黄袍加身，登基称帝。将汉高祖刘邦亲手创建的西汉帝国送进了历史故纸堆里后，王莽颁令改汉为新，史称新朝。 王莽改元称帝后，为缓和自西汉末期以来日益严峻的社会矛盾与危机，夯实新朝的统治基础，他祭出“周礼”的旗号，针对西汉末年愈演愈烈的门阀大族、豪强地主土地兼并严重和奴婢买卖盛行以及币制混乱等一系列迫在眉睫的社会问题，进行了雷厉风行的大胆改革。 王莽是个读书人，他力主推行的改革亦不乏诚意，但新政触及到权贵阶层的利益，遭到贵族、官僚、豪强地主的激烈反对，他们暗中联手千方百计抵制甚至破坏新法推行与实施。王莽推出的“王田私属制”、“五均六管制”、发行新莽货币等一系列改革，本意是想解决西汉末期日益尖锐的土地兼并矛盾和高第门阀掳掠人口、私蓄奴婢以及打击奸商和高利贷者随意操纵市场盘剥人民的劣行，其结果却不尽如人意。本欲除旧布新的王莽惊讶地看到 ，经他一手推出的各种政策几乎无人理会，各级官僚阳奉阴违或干脆直接抗命，已沦为一纸空文。所导致的直接后果是官商勾结，狼狈为奸，使他的一切美好构想与愿景完全落空 。底层民众不仅获田无望，反而遭受更为贪婪猛烈的剥削，生活更加艰难，多地甚至发生易子而食的人间惨剧。王莽为自己过于超前、有些不切实际、脱离根本的施政理念付出不菲代价。这些改革举措看起来很美，然而带有一定的盲目性与随意性，好比空中楼阁，注定难以企稳。他感觉自己处处受到掣肘，政令基本不出新都，胸中的抱负无法施展。心情有些灰暗郁闷的王莽为排遣不快，遂肆意挥霍，大兴土木修建宫室、庙宇，还悍然挑起对辽东以及西南少数名族的战争。严厉的刑罚，沉重的徭役，如大山一般压在天下黎庶的头上，使民忍无可忍，到处揭竿而起，简直一日数惊。 ???? ??????Ԫ23?꣬һ֧???????־???ũ????װֱ????????????ɥ??????ç??????????“?¼ҹ???”???????Բ̶ֻ??뽥̨????һ?????ж?????????Ѱ??նɱ??ʷ?ϼ??أ???ç??ϲ???????Ǹ????ز?ū????????ɱ??ʱ???????߾?????60?????ƽ????????????챦????ν????Ǯ???ϡ? ???? ???????㣬???????????????????????????ֱϵ???ᣬ?????????Ҵ?ʱ?ѷ?????ʮ????֮?ڣ?????һ֧?????ں????????Ļ???????û?䣬??Ա?????С?¡?С??????Щ?Ѿ???ũΪ????????????ɥ?????ҵ????䣬?????????t?DZ?ʱ?????????????????????????ġ? ???? ????ʷ?ϼ??أ????????????·??ˣ?һ???˲ţ? ????֮???ƺ????????????κ????ڳ??˵??츳????????ϲ???ٳּ??????пջ???ְ???˼???ţ???????á? ?????Ը???˳?????²??????գ?ȱ??????֮???????Զ????ţ?һ???ӼҺ????˵???????????25??ʱԶ????????????ѧϰ?????顷????ѧҵƽƽ??ֻ??“??ͨ????”??????????????һλ???????ߡ??ܾ?һ?????ĺ?ѧ?????ڳ?????ѧ?ڼ䣬???㷢??????˵?“????”?ǣ?“?˻µ???ִ???ᣬȢ??Ȣ????????”ִ?????Ǹ?????ʦ?ΰ??????¼????٣????????Ǻ?????Ұ??????????Ů??ʷ???????????û?????ò??????????̫?????????۶??????????? һ?Σ?????ȥ??Ұ???£??ڽ?ͷż????????????ʱ??Ϊ???ˡ? ??????λ????????ɬ?ĺ?ʿ??????Ȼ???????߲????ʡ???????????ִ???ᣬȢ??????Ȣ????????????ʱ??????־??????ˣ???????????֮?ţ???????????֮?ʣ????????Ĵ???Զ?ĺ???֮־?ˡ? ???? ???????????ϣ??պ???????ȻȢ???????????????????????˹飬???Ǻ?? ???? ?????????Ĵ??????t????????ȫ??ͬ??ʷ?????t?Ը????㡢?ز????ԡ???ϲ??ũ??ƽʱϲ???ύ???º??????Ϊ??????ɢ???Ҳơ????t??????ʶŨ?ң?????ç??Ȩ???Ȳ?????־??Զ????????ʹ?���?澳Ҳʱʱ????Ѱ????????ҵ??????ȡ???µ?Ұ?ġ????t?????Ա???????ܵ???????????????λֻ֪??ͷ??????ҵ??????ӬӪ?????ĸ?????ϲ????Ц??????־?????Ը?????ȡЦ???���????һЦ??֮?? ???? ????˭֪????ȡ???µ???ò?Ʋž?ƽӹ?????? ??ȴ???DzŸ߰˶????زذ????ױ??????t ???컯Ū?ˣ???˹?ɼ??? ???? ??????ʱ??ç??Ȩ?????ֳ?ü??????????????????ҡҡ?????³??????????ѱ?????????ç?????????Ƶط???????Ⱥ?۲????ũ?????????⣬???????ڶ?????????ç?ɹ?????ӵ?????صĵط?ʵ???????????????????Ҳ???뵽?????????????????t?????۳???ʱ?????죬Ҳ???ƶ????????????졣?ػ????꣨??Ԫ22?꣩?????????ֳ??????????£?ׯ?ں?ϴ??????Ӵ???????һ????????????????֮·?? ???? ?????????ֵ?????Ϊǰ?????壬????λ???ߣ?????????̸???ϣ?ֻ?????ܾ????£????????˶??ƴ????½???ƽ???????????ĸ??????????t??Ȼ?Ǹ?˧?ţ????ǡ??¡?????һ?���??????ս?????ܿ???һȺ???ϴ?????ӱ???????ػ????꣨??Ԫ23?꣩???????ֵ????ڵ??????ӵ????һλ????????????Ϊ?ۣ???????ʼ??Ȩ??????ų????????????Ϊ??ʼ?ʵۡ???ʵ??λ?ñ?????????????ı???ξ??з??????t?????ģ?ֻ??????ɢ?????˵?ũ???????Ǿ??????ھ??????????ߣ????ξ??????????????棬??????λ???Լ??ܾ??????????ڣ?????˽?´?????ƽӹ??????????̧???˻?λ??????˫ȫ?????t??????????˾??Ҫְ??????Ҳ????ƫ????????ʱ??????ɽ??¶ˮ???͵??????????㱻??Ϊ?ž?ƽƽ???ҵ??????£???ȫ?????????t??ǿ???????????֡? ???? ??????ʼ??Ȩ??????????ç??Ϊ???֣?????????ç???????еľ??? ????42??֮?ڣ??????ųư???????˾?????غ?˾ͽ??Ѱ???????죬?????㳲????????һ???̵???????ʼ??????ç????һ??????Ŀ??????????פ?ص?????????ʱ???????ؾ????????ˣ?????һ?氲???ֲ̿????IJ??£????????˼??أ?һ????ʮ??????ʿ??ҹ͵??????ȥ???ȱ?????????Ӧ???ϣ?һ???ƵС?????һս???????????侲??????ʤǿ???ʼ?ǧ??????????ç??ʮ??????֮ʦ????ս????ʷ??????ʤ???ľ???ս????????????????????νһ?????ˡ?????һս???????????????????ߣ?????˽??????????????“??????С?к??£????е?ǰȴ???¸ң????˴???֮?ţ? ” ????һս????ç??Ȩ??????ʧ?? ??ç??ɥ???ѱ????졣 ?????????Ӵ˹?Ϊ??֪ ?????Ƕ???λ??Ĭ???ԡ????Ķ??š??黳???ȵ????꽫?쿪ʼ??Ŀ??????óϷ??? ???? ?????º????????Ӳ??Կ?????֮ս??????????????ᶼ???ᣬ???????˴Ӿ??ȵ?????????????????һ?ո???һ?գ???ʼ????“????˫??”˭?˲?֪???ĸ??????? ???? ?????˺????ѽ?????çĩ?ڣ??³?????ʱ?ֵĶ??????ɷ???????????Ⱥ?۸??ݵ????ֽΡ? ???? ???????????ݺ????????ֵ??????ķ???????Զ?ȴ???ʼ??Ȩ?ڲ?һЩӹµ֮???ļ??ޡ?????ս??????λ??Ȩ?ص????t?????????ߥ????????ɱ?? ???㱯ʹ??????????ʱ??δ????????躹????ޡ???????С?????���?????????Ա????ݷ??????Ծ???ת????ʷ?ϼ??أ??????????t???????Ϊ??????ɥ????ʳ??̸??ƽʱ???죬???ֵ????????¡??????ĵ???????????????Щ???Σ??Ļ???̥??????????Ϊ???ź?ٰ???²?????ʾ??ο??ʷ??????躻??Ա????˲??٣??????????????????????Dz??ࡣ????????ǰװ?û?Ȼ???£??˺?ȴ????ͷ??ʪ?ˡ??????˾ٺñ?????????????˵“???????ݺ?Ѫ?? ”?? ?????????˿????ɹ???ʿ??????“ֻ????ǰ?Թ?????֪?˺?????”???Թ????ɴ??µ??˶?߯?????װ??? ???? ??????ʼԪ?꣨23?꣩??²??????????????֮??ȥɨƽ????Ⱥ?ۡ???????ʱ?????ݵ?λ?ܸߣ????Ա????????˲¼ɣ????ֽڱ???ʱ???߽??????ż?ǧƣ??ʿ??????ʱռ?ݺӱ??????ʣ??ư??????????ڡ??????????ݰ????Ĺ??????Ⱦ?????ӵ??????????Щ??????????ǿ??׳???????????ͭ?���???֡???ü?????е?ũ???????????ƺƴ??ӵ????ʮ???????ָ??????Ѭ?죬?ĸ????Ǻ??ǵģ?????һ?д?ȥ???˵??????ѻ?ʯ?????뻢?ڣ??༪?١? ???? ?????κ????ﶼ?????Եģ?û?о??Եĺû??????㱱??ò????ȥ?أ???Ҳ?ܿ??˸?ʼ??Ȩ?ڲ????漤?ҵ?Ȩ?????뿪?˶??????ҵ????У?????????ʩչ?Ÿɵ???????Ϊ?պ???ͼ׳???????˻?????????Զǿ???Լ??Ķ??֣????㲢?????٣??????ò???????һ????????ı????׳???ˣ????????���?⺺?????m??????????????λ????ʿ??????Ϊ“????????”?ķ??졣?????????ǣ????????ǣ????þ?????һ֧??ȫ??ʵ???????Ҵ?Ӳ?̵ľ???????֮ʦ??????һϵ?м?????????ս????????????ʵ???ۺ??ĺӱ????????ʣ?ƽ???ӱ??????˴?Ϣ֮?ء?ƽ?????ڼ??ľ??Ķ??ǡ????????????????????????Ա���???????????α????ʲ?????ɱ??????ɥ?? ??“??ç???ʣ?????????”?????䴫˵?????ƺ??ͷ?????????ʱ???ڡ???ʼ???꣨??Ԫ25?꣩???£??ںӱ?վ?ȽŸ????????????½?????ӵ???£????z??????ǧ??ͤ?????ƻʵ?λ?????????ú???ʷ?ƶ??????ֽк????Ԫ???䣬???ƹ??䡣??????Ϊ??????ʷ?Ĺ????ۡ?????????????ȡ???????ƵIJ??ԣ???Ӳ??ʩ???ִ??????????ܲ??ձ???ͭ?���?ߺ??????е?ũ??????ʵ???????????±??ཫ?㣬???˲???С?ӡ? ???? ????????Ԫ??ʮ?£?????????Ǩ??????????????չ??һϵ?ж??????֣?Ŀ??????ƽ?ķ???????ӵ?????صĸ??ɸ?????????????ȡ??ǿ?????IJ??ԣ????Ȼ????̾??ڳ???????????ʮ??????ü???????????ڡ?Ȼ????????ʱ??ƽ???ض??? ?ڹض??????????????ɹ????????????Ķ???֧?ֲ?һ·???????ҡ?????????????????ʩ?Ƚ??¸???????װ???ڡ?????????????????ʦ????????ɱ?????Ĵ??ľ???????????????ͳһ?й?????ʱΪ????ʮ???꣨??Ԫ36?꣩?? ???? ?????????????????????ܲ??????ڵ??????ɳ???һ?????????£??Ѳ????ܱ?Ϊ??ʵ???????ǿ���?ʡ??̡??¡?ı??????ò??????־??????جج??ʵ?????ﰵ?ػ??棬??????????â??????ʵ??????????ͼ??ҵ??????ʱ????????????ͼ??־????Ҳ??????֮?ţ???ȴ???????±????߱??????ʣ??????˿??????ɼ????ϣ????ز?¶????Ϊ???պ?ʵ??“????????”???????????Ļ?????ʷ???????Ӳ????????ݣ???ϲ?ݳޣ?ǫ????ʿ???????????????̣?????ʧ??ǵ?־???????ˡ? ???????£???????¶??һ?ֺֻ????ȣ?ƽʵǫ?͵????ȡ????????ˣ???????ƽ?????????ɣ?ϸ?????㲩??ʵ?˴??????ĵ䷶??ʷ?϶???????????????˵??“Ч?????????ɼ????ˣ??Ӳ??Ա硢?Կ䣬???ȴ?????????????” ????ƽ???ķ??Ķ?????ս?У???ע?ذ???????????¾?????????????ġ?????????֪ʶ???ӣ????÷???????Ԫ?????ֵ?һ??????ѧ?ߡ? һʱ?䣬????ı?????ƣ???ʿ???꣬?????ڶ????????Ͳ?Ͷ??????ӵ???????γ????²??ɣ? ???? ??????????Ϊ?????????ĵ????ߣ?????????ç?ۺ??????Ҿ֣??ָ????????ɽ????“????”?ι????ƴ??????????污??????????Ϣ??ʵ????“????????”?????Ǹ????ر??ޡ?????˼????ʱ?????????Ƿ?????ʷ????????????Ը?ġ???????????“????????”???????????????195?꣬??426???????䴴?????й??⽨????????ʱ????????¼?????????????͵????ȡ?ϲŭ??????ɫ?????????????۵???????????çĩ??Ⱥ????¹???Ҿ???Ц????????????????ʷ????????ʹ??????Ϊһ????????ʷ???ľ?Ӱ?????IJ??????????żȻ??ʵ????Ȼ?? ?????????????????£?ֵ?ú?????˼??
评论