李自成的“西北王”梦

　　李自成囊括西北后，已拥有步兵六十万，骑兵四十万，号称百万雄师，云集西安。崇祯十七年正月元日，李自成披衮戴旒，高坐王府殿中，在西安称新顺王。崇祯十七年二月初八，李自成的军队在攻下晋北重镇太原后，立即兵分三路直扑北京。三月初，李自成的各路大军已经到达河北，即将形成对北京的包围之势。三月十六日，李自成的大顺军即将进攻北京城。李自成派早已在城外投降的太监杜勋向崇祯帝传达他的谈判条件：明王朝割让出西北一带，分国而王，并犒赏大顺军白银百万两，大顺军从此以后可为朝廷内遏群寇，尤其是能够用精锐军队帮助明王朝抵制辽藩，但大顺国王不奉明朝皇帝的召觐。李自成为何在即将攻陷明都，非常有可能夺取全国政权的有利形势下，甘心偏居一隅当“西北王”，并允诺帮助朝廷荡平群寇，抵御辽藩呢？ 　　 　　李自成向明廷提出这样的和谈条件，决不是因为他一时心血来潮，而是有着深远的政治考量。 　　 　　李自成对夺取全国政权没有十足的把握。虽然，李自成在西安称王后，大顺军一路摧古拉朽，势如破竹，攻至北京城下，但他也走到了重大的抉择关头：是攻下北京城，取代崇祯帝，继续征伐，进而夺取全国政权，还是见好就收，远离风口浪尖，与崇祯帝握手言和，裂土为王？显然，李自成对夺取全国政权没有十足的把握，而且他对崇祯帝的印象并不坏，“ 君非甚暗，孤立而炀灶恒多；臣尽行私，比党而公忠绝少”，才选择了与崇祯帝谈判，甘愿当西北王。应该说，此时的李自成头脑是清醒的。人人都想当皇帝，因为皇帝拥有至高无上的权力，可以聚敛巨大的物质财富，可以享受豪华奢侈的生活，可以一人得道鸡犬升天，可以把皇位传给子孙后代，岂知明末的皇位简直就是金碧辉煌掩饰下的陷阱或者说是熔岩暗涌的华丽火山口，处在尖锐的社会矛盾和民族矛盾的漩涡之中的皇帝，极可能会成为悲剧性人物。即使大顺军攻下北京城，把崇祯帝赶下台，李自成的日子也不会因此而好过，反倒会处境艰难，并成为众矢之。 　　 ??????һ?????ڱ??????ᣬ???ɱ???????ԭ??Ŀ???꣬????????????????˳??óȻ???±????ǣ??ܻ?????ɱ?????ۣ??ij?????????ô?????Գɾ͵ðѱ???????ԭ???????ض????õİ??????????ϣ??????????????԰Ρ??????????????µij??????ϵĹ??????????????????γ??ϱ??Կ?֮?ƣ???˳???????????ӵĽ??????ǿ??ճ־õġ????ճ־õ?ս???????ĵ??Dz???????Ȼ?Դ?˳??Ȩ????????Ϊ??˳??Ȩͳ?εı???????ԭ??????˥?ܣ?Σ???ķ????????????صĶ??ϵ?????Ϊ???????????????????????ͷ?չ?? ???? ?????????????Գ??쵼?Ĵ?˳??????Ϊ?????????عؾ????????????ȵ???ʮ???????Լ??????????ĵط???װ?????µ???Ҫ???˺???Ҫ????Ŀ?꣬??Ϊһ???Ը???Ϊ???ڵ???װ?????İ??ӡ????????е????????Ӷ?????һ???????????е????????춼??????ͷ???Դ?˳??????ӭ?L?????Գɽ??ֱ???֮ǰ????????֮ս????????????ɽ?????ܱ???????ƾ?յؼ??Ǻͻ??ڹ?????????ǧ?ཫʿ?ֿ???˳????ʮ?????���ɱ?˴?˳?????ڡ?ս???????Գɼ?ǰ?????˽?ʿһ????ǧ???ˣ???ǰ??ʮ?ֵ??ǣ?˵??“???????ƣ????˹??࣬?Դ˴ﾩʦ????ͬ??????????ӹ???ر???ʮ?????????䣬?ᱲ?????????գ????绹??ͼ???١?”?ɼ??????Գ????ж?ȡȫ????Ȩǰ·?????????????ǡ? ???? ?????????????Գ?Ҫ??ȡȫ????Ȩ???????ҵ?ũ??????????Ȼ??Ӧ?????????ܣ?????“??˳”??ȨҲ??“????”??Ȩ??????ũ???????????˶????棻δ??һ?????˵?ũ????????Ҳ?????Ǵ?˳??Ȩ?ĵ??ˡ?????ʱ???????ƺ?ũ???׼??ľ????ԣ????Ŵ?˳???Ľڽ?ʤ???????Գ?????ũ???׼??Ĵ????????????׼??????˵Ľ?ɫת?䣬???ˣ??????׼???ũ???׼??????????????ɱ??⡣????????ʷ?????Ѿ?ӡ֤????˳???Ʒ???????Ȩ???????Գ????ʾ?????????????;?У???Ȼ?????????ײߴ?????ּ??Ҫ?ｨ?????ɵ???????????????????һ??????????????????????????ʦ?????Ժ???ɴ????봨??ɨ??????????ʹ??????һ????Ϊ???????? ???? ???????ģ??????????????ӽ???һֱ???????ƣ??߻????ɣ??????????????????????û?ս֮?????ٵ???֮?????????????????ı????????ֶԸ???˳?????Ը??????ƣ??ﵽ???Ի??ĵ?Ŀ?ġ??????????ó?ͻ????Ұս??ս????ǿ????˳????????ս????ȡʤ?İ??գ????ο???Ҫ?ֱ????????????ľ?????ս?? ???? ?????ڵ?ʱ˭???ڳ????۵??????ϣ?˭?ͼ??п??ܲ??????۵ĺ????Ȼ?????ʵ?û?е?“??????”???պͰ??ȡ???????ʵ?????۳?Զ?????Գ?ֻ???˶??????Ρ? ???? ??????????Ϊ?????Գɸ??????볤?????㱱????????һ?????ع?????????????Ϊ?????????ǣ????Գ???˵??“?£???֮????Ҳ???????ع????磬??ʮ??δ????һ??????”???룬???Գ???????????ʼ???????½??????????????ģ?????????Ϊ????ͳ??ȫ????????????????“?????ع?????”??Ը???????ȡȫ????Ȩ????????Ϊ???????Գ??Dz????ܰ?????λ?ģ?????ʼ?ջᴦ?ڱ???????Σ??֮?У????dz?ʶ?????Գɲ????ܲ?????????ô????Ȼ?????ܶ?ȡȫ????Ȩ??ѡ?????????????ͣ???Ϊ??͢???ϵ?“??????”??ʹά??????ͳ????ά??“??????”?ĵ?λ????????????һ???ԣ??Ͳ?ʧΪһ?и??塣 ???? ????Σ?ڵ?Ϧ?ij??????????dz??????Ļ??Ǽ??ⶼ??????Ӧ???Գɵĺ?̸???????Ի??ô?Ϣ?Ļ??ᡣ??????˳????????????֪û???????????Ŀ??ܣ??ϲ??᲻ϧ?????޴??????????????????????Ƶĵز?????ô???????ʹ?˳???????Ʒ?“????”??Ȩ??ƽ?????????????????練???ˡ????ˣ???û?д??????ң????????д???ģ???ֵĻ????У??????۱????Լ??о??????????????????ƺ?ǿ????չ????????????????????????????????????ʹ?????۹??????ָ?Ԫ????????ʱ??“??????”????ҲҪ?ϻ̳Ͽֵ??????????ʵۣ??????????ˡ?“??????ʱ???䣬֪?????¶??ơ?”??ϧ??????????Ҫ???ӣ???ʧ??????û??ͨȨ???䣬???ջ????Լ??ʹ?????????Ҳ???????Գɺʹ?˳??Ȩ?? ???? ???????ԳɶԹ???ȫ????ȨҲû?г??ֵ????š????Գ???־??ǿ?????Ͳ??Σ???????ı?????????죬??ʮ????????????ս?У?????ʧ?ܣ??????���????????????Ͷ????????ɱ???????ģ??????????????ң????????澳????????????????????????ս???????????????Ľ?????ռ???????ơ?????ĩ??????ĩ????Ԫĩ?????Գ?Ҳ???????????Ԫ谣????????¸????????Ρ??????????ԣ????????Գɵ?ũ?????????ݺ??۳?????????ɽ???????ϡ????????Ĵ???ɽ????ʡ?ݵĸ?ɽƽԭ????ռ?????????????????⡢̫ԭ?????????????ȴ????У??????Գ?ȴû?и߶????Ӳ???ʵ??ǿ???ݵغͺ????Ȩ???衢???ý??衢???½??裬ʹ֮??Ϊũ?????????ɿ??ľ??????ʵĹ?Ӧ???أ???Ϊũ????????ս?ɽ??˿??صı??ݣ????ݵغͺ?Ĺ?????????Ҳû?г?Ϊ???Գ???????????????????????ũ????????ֻ??ռ??ÿһ?????к͵????????????????Ӹ????ͱ?Ա????ʱ?ֿ⣬????Ϲ???????ף???һ????һ?????????????ص?????????˼?룬͹?????????Գ?Ϊ?׵?ũ?????????쵼???ţ?ֻ????????һ???????磬???????ڽ???һ???????硣ë????ָ???????????ı????ص㣺??Ը???????๤?????????ݵأ?????????Ⱥ?ڵ???Ȩ?????ɴ?ȥ????????Ӱ?죬??ֻ?????????λ??İ취??ȥ????????Ӱ?죻???????????????????ط??????ӡ??ط?????????????????????·?ߣ???Ҫ??“?б?????”“?н?????”??·?ߣ????ͷ???Ⱥ????һ?????????Ķ?????ֻϣ???ܵ???????ȥ???Դ??ȡ??ɼ?????????????????ս??ս???ϵ?ʧ??ʧ?룬???й???ʷ??ũ??ս??֮????ʧ?ܵ???Ҫԭ???????Գ?Ӧ????ʶ????˳??Ȩ???????Σ??Զ?ȡ?͹???ȫ????Ȩ??????η??????????˳????ɽ?????ܵ??????ش?????????????׷??????????????ˮһкǧ???????ʰ??????Ҫԭ?????ڴ?˳??ȱ???ȹ̵ĺ???ݵء? 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???? ???????Գɾ??þ??????µĿ????Բ????ˣ?ֻ?????취????????“??????”?????ؾ???????ɱ??????ȫ????ʮ?????ˣ?Ȼ????æ???˸?“??˳?ʵ?”?ǻ???ʽ??????????????????˳?????ش????Ľ????Ʊ????????ֻ???ȥ?????????ľ??Ӻ???????????׷???ᣬ?????ش???˳??????·???ط׷׹鸽????????1644???ף???????ռ?????й???????1645??4?µף???????????????????ռ?졣???ԳɵĴ?˳?????????????????ľ???ѹ???ں????????ľŹ?ɽ??????6?³??????Գ??ھŹ?ɽ??ţ???뱻???ذ???ɱ???? ???? ????????˵????˳??ʧ?ܵ???Ҫԭ?????DZ????????д????ߣ??????????���?????????¾???ս?????????½????ҿ?δ?????ˡ???˳??ʧ?ܵ?ԭ???Ƕ෽???ģ???һ?????Գ????С????Գ?????????????֮ǰ???ѱ?һ??????ʤ??????ͷ?ԣ?????Ϊɽ?????ؾ?Ҳ????˳??????;?л????ľ????????һ?????????ɳڣ?????ή?ң?????һ??????û???뵽?????????????????????????ˣ????????뵽?ˣ?????äĿ???ţ????ԣ??ڴ?æ????ֻ????6??ũ????ȥ???أ???????ɱ???????????????µĽϴ??ͻ???Ҳû????????֮???????ɱ?Dz??????֮????ı?Ʋ??ܣ??عؽ????Խϵ????????Լ?ȴ??ʦ?س??ˡ??????????????????????????ƴ?˳?????Ƶ????????????˳?????ھ??dzԺ????֣??ѹθ??ƣ???????ɫ????ս?ⲻ?㣬????ɥ?£?Ȼ??????????????ս?????Ĵ??ڹ???ǿ??ʴ?˳???????ܾ֡?????????????????Ϊ???Ҹ??????????֮?????ƻ???ͳ?????????ٹ̵Ĺ??????????????????ڣ????ڶ???ǽ?߼???????ʤ?׷׷׹鸽??ʹ??˳??????“ʧ??????”?Ĺ??????ء????ģ??????˳??????????????䣬???ó?ʹ????????;?ػذ????ʹ????ָ?ս????ʹ֮?????ڹؼ?֮ʱ????Ϊʤ???????????䱸?˻???Ӫ??????糧???Ҳʹ??˳?????˴????????˱????Ƿ?????ʹ?û?ҩ???????ڣ?ȴ????????“ʦ?????????ƺ?”?ˣ????գ????壬??˳??Ȩ?߲㹴?Ķ??ǣ?ţ????Ϊй˽?ߣ??Ķ?????֮???ɱ????Գɣ?????ʹ???Ҿ??Ժ??ϵ???ȷ???Ų??????ɣ????????ҡ???IJ?ֵܶ???Ҳ??ţ??????ɱ???????Գ???ʶ??ţ????Ю???ݺ?????ʱ???㽫ţ??????Ѻ??ּ?????ײ???????????ϵ?ܺã????ײ????ԴǼ?֮??????????ŭ????“????һ??֮????????ɱ?????????֮??”?????Գɽ??????ģ??ײ??????????????ڸ????ϡ??ײߺ???????Ϊ???????ܣ???ɱ¾????˳???ڲ??ֻ??????????˴?˳??Ȩ?????????????????Գɴ??????ص?????˼?룬??ʹ??˳??ȱ???ȹ̵ĺ?͸??ݵأ?һ?????ܣ??????ֶ???ŵ????ЧӦ?? 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